Yesterday we reported that
in the aftermath of the failure of China's Baoshang Bank (BSB), and its
subsequent seizure by the government - the first takeover of a
commercial bank since the Hainan Development Bank 20 years ago - the
PBOC appeared to panic and injected a whopping 250 billion yuan via an
open-market operation, the largest since January.
昨日ZeroHedgeが記事を書いた、中国のBaoshang Bank(BSB)倒産と国有化の後遺症ーー20年前のHainan Development Bank 海南開発銀行 倒産以来の国有化ーーこれでPBOCはパニック状態になりなんと250B人民元を公開市場操作で注入した、今年1月以来最大のものだった。
And while the bank first failure of a Chinese bank resulted in some
notable turmoil in China's interbank market, where the issuance of
Negotiable Certificates of Deposit was partially frozen as overnight
funding rates spiked, dragging prices of both corporate and sovereign
bonds briefly lower, we warned that "Baoshang is just the tip of the
iceberg."
中国のインターバンク市場が停滞するなかで銀行倒産が生じ、一夜物金利がスパイク急上昇するなかで、Negotiable Certificates of Depositが部分的に凍結された、これが企業債権と中国債をともに短期的に押し下げた、ZeroHedgeはこれを見てこう警告した「Baoshangは氷山の一角に過ぎない」と。
According to UBS analyst Jason Bedford, who in 2017 was the first to
highlight Baoshang’s troubles, there are several other banks that have
“identical leading risk indicators” to Baoshang. Hengfeng Bank, Jinzhou
Bank Co. and Chengdu Rural Commercial Bank all failed to publish their
latest financial statements, have a large portion of their balance
sheets invested in “loan-like investment assets” and are subject to
negative local media coverage.
UBSのアナリストJason Bedfordによると、彼は2017年に最初にBaoshangの抱える問題に注目した人物だ、「Baoshangと同様のリスク指標を持つ銀行がいくつかある」。これらの銀行はまだ最新決算を開示していない、Hengfeng Bank, Jinzhou Bank Co. そしてChengdu Rural Commercial Bankだ、バランスシートのかなりの部分は「ローンに見せかけた投資資産」だ、そして現地のメディアはこの状況をマイナスと捉えて報道している。
To be sure, storm clouds had been gathering above for quite some
time. Here is a quick primer on how BSB was unique, and why it was
especially at risk, courtesy of Barclays.
BSB is a city commercial bank (Figure 1), with a AA+ credit rating
from Dagong Credit Rating Group. However, it has faced more problems and
financial difficulties than banks with a similar credit rating. BSB has
not published its annual report since 2016, which to us suggests
significant asset quality stress. Its ratio of 90-day overdue loans to
NPL stood at ~180% in 2016, versus an average of ~110% for similar sized
banks. Meanwhile, its key stakeholder (~30%), Tomorrow Group, has been
under an anti-graft investigation with its founder Xiao Jianhua missing
since 2017.
It has been a notably aggressive player in China’s interbank market, with
~40% of its funding from wholesale sources, compared with a ~25%
average for smaller regional banks, and ~20% for all banks in April 2019 (see Figure 2). As a result, BSB has been hit hard by the deleveraging drive and tightening of the interbank funding channels.
Most of the above was already well-known, at least in the aftermath
of the BSB collapse. What investors are far more curious about is i)
will the failure become systemic, and ii) who will fail next.
Addressing the first question, Barclays analyst Jian Chang writes
that the bank doesn't expect the BSB takeover to cause a systemic crisis
(many would disagree). The reason: the bank's total assets/outstanding
loans/deposits only accounted for 0.23%/0.18%/0.14% of China’s whole
banking system (as of Q3 2017, the latest available data on BSB), and
the PBoC is committed to “keeping eye on the liquidity situation of
medium-to-small banks, and make use of various tools such as OMOs to
ensure reasonably ample liquidity in the system and maintain stability
in the money market rates”.
That said, Barclays admits that the takeover of BSB "highlights
the difficulties and challenges facing some medium-to-small sized banks
arising from China’s deleveraging campaign of the past several years
and a slowing economy." Specifically, during the first phase of
“deleveraging the financial system” (August 2016 - October 2017),
interbank lending, a major funding source facilitating the aggressive
expansion of medium/small banks before, was significantly tightened.
Then as the financial deleveraging extended to the real economy (Nov 17 –
May 18), the resulting rise in corporate delinquency and defaults added
to banks’ credit risks. Then, during the period of policy easing since
the second half of 2018, banks’ asset quality has not been helped by the
regulator’s push for more SME lending, "as the NPL ratio of
urban commercial banks as a whole rose notably by ~30bp to 1.9% in Q1
19, from 1.6% Q2 18, while their bad-loan provision ratio declined by
30pp to ~180% over the same period (Figures 3-4)." ということで、バークレイ銀行はBSBの国有化をこう解釈している「ここ数年の中国政府の債務削減キャンペーンと景気減速で中小銀行の中には困難が生じている銀行もあることを顕在化せさた」。特に「金融システムの債務削減」の第一フェーズ(2016年8月−2017年10月)においては、かつては中小銀行が積極的に拡大してきた銀行間貸出が大きく引き締められた。その後この金融業界での債務削減が実経済にも拡張された(2018年11月−2018年5月)、結果として企業の返済不能や倒産が銀行の与信リスクを増やした。そして、2018年後半以降は緩和的政策になり、資産の質を監督当局から問われなくなり、小規模銀行の貸出を拡大した、「都市商業銀行の不良債権率は2018Q2の1.6%から30BP増えて2019Q1には1.9%になった、bad loan provision ratio 不良債権引当率(?)は30パーセントポイント減って同じ期間に180%になった(Figure 3-4)。」
As such, Barclays expects more "exits" (read "failures") of smaller
banks or NBFIs (Non-bank financial institutions) either through
takeovers or M&A with bigger parties, most likely with some regional significance (eg.
urban or rural commercial banks. However, in keeping an optimistic
outlook, Barclays does not view a few more bank failures as a systemic
risk, "as the total >130 urban and >1300 rural commercial banks only account for ~10% of the banking sector." というわけで、バークレーは小型銀行やNBFI(ノンバンク金融体、シャドーバンク)においてさらなる「処理」(「損失」)が増えると見ている、処理に際しては大手銀行によるM&Aが伴う。しかしながら、バークレーは楽観的で、さらなる銀行倒産は無いと見ている、「都市銀行は130行を超える中で、1300を超える地方商業銀行の資産規模は銀行セクター全体の10%程度にすぎないからだ」。
Meanwhile, the analyst notes the regulators’ efforts to help banks
replenish their capital through various channels (eg. the recently
introduced perpetual bonds which are a form of quasi QE) as "indicated by the government’s attempts to prevent systemic risks from materializing before they become too great to contain."
Furthermore, the official remarks (listed below) suggest that, even if some FIs are allowed to "experiment"
with bankruptcy, this would only go forward in a controlled and
manageable manner (ie. mainly through mergers and restructuring) to
ensure the government’s bottom line of no systemic risks being created.
Below is a list of selected comments by a Chinese official, in this
case Xiao Yuanqi, the Chief Risk Officer of the CBIRC, in February 2019,
which help understand the regulators’ thinking on smaller FIs, NPL risk
exposure, and planned resolutions:
He said that regulators will continue encouraging smaller and
private players to join the market to expand access to credit for SMEs,
meanwhile they will also work out measures to contain risks associated
with smaller financial institutions (FIs).
While some institutions will be allowed to experiment with
bankruptcy, regulators will mainly use mergers and restructuring to
defuse risks and force unqualified players out of the market.
The authorities will also encourage lenders to step up efforts to
offload their non-performing loans (NPLs). The banking sector has
disposed of CNY3.48trn of bad loans over the past two years, according
to CBIRC data, but commercial banks still have CNY2trn of NPLs on their
balance sheets.
Improving the supply of financing will involve shifting
“inefficient” credit from industries suffering from overcapacity to
areas with greater needs, such as SMEs in innovative and strategic
sectors. Poorly performing companies with little prospect of improvement
will be guided to exit the market through reorganization or bankruptcy.
Finally, for those curious which banks are most likely to follow
in Baoshang's footsteps, and fail next, Barclays has compiled a list of regional banks that have delayed publishing 2018 reports, the biggest red flag suggesting an upcoming solvency "event."
Class 8 Heavy Truck Orders Crash 68% in January by Tyler Durden Wed, 02/06/2019 - 17:25 Among the latest dismal news about the strength of the US economy, on Tuesday ACT Research released preliminary truck orders for January 2019 which showed that Class 8 truck orders collapsed an astounding 68% for January. The decline is being attributed to a 300,000+ vehicle backlog potentially prompting fleets to halt purchases in the near term. 米国経済に関し最近憂鬱なニュースが多い中で、火曜にACT researchが2019年1月のトラック発注を開示した、1月にClass 8のトラック発注がなんと68%も急落した。この発注減は短期的に300,000台超の潜在在庫を生み出す。 Specifically, in January Class 8 net orders were 15,800 units (14,700 SA; 176,400 SAAR), down 68% YoY and down 26% MoM. Class 5- 7 January net orders were 23,400...
Amazonで買物をしてContrarianJを応援しよう "On The Precipice" by Tyler Durden Mon, 06/24/2019 - 14:30 Authored by Kevin Ludolph via Crescat Capital, Dear Investors: The US stock market is retesting its all-time highs at record valuations yet again. We strongly believe it is poised to fail. The problem for bullish late-cycle momentum investors trying to play a breakout to new highs here is the oncoming freight train of deteriorating macro-economic conditions. 米国株式は記録的バリエーションのもとで再度過去最高を試している。私どもはこれが失敗すると強く信じている。景気拡大終盤で強気のモメンタム投資家が新高値を試そうとしていることの問題は、マクロ経済条件の悪化にある。 US corporate profit growth, year-over-year, for the S&P 500 already fully evaporated in the first quarter of 2019 and is heading toward outright decline for the full year based on earnings estimate revision trends. Note the alligator jaws divergence in the chart be...
中国が債務増加していることはたしかです。ただ日本の例を日銀資金循環報告でみると家計、320兆円、民間非金融機関1,785兆円、一般政府 1,284兆円となります。合算すると3,300兆円にもなり、GDPの600%を超えています。 https://www.boj.or.jp/statistics/sj/sjexp.pdf この記事の統計と同じ考え方で数値を採用しているのかどうか気になります。 加えて、この資金循環報告に書かれている海外資産というのが内数なのか外数なのか?私にはよくわかりません。当然海外債務も結構な額になります。一度日銀資金循環 図表1を見てください。詳しい方に教えていただければ。 この中国のたどる道は昔のソ連とかMMTと同様で、自国通貨ならいくら発行しても倒産はしない、というか為政者が痛みに耐えることができず緩和を続けるというものです。でも最終的には限界点に達します。ソ連は建国から崩壊まで70年かかりました。 自由主義経済なら立ち行かなくなった企業は退場してもらうというのが減速なのですが、これがうまくゆかないわけです。 でも日本は中国のはるか先を言っているように見えます。ちょっと検索したのですが、日本の債務に関しては政府債務に言及したものばかりで、この記事のように民間、個人まで総合的に記載しているのは日銀の資金循環統計しか見つけることができませんでした。 China Continues To Pile Debt On Top Of More Debt Written by Jesse Colombo | Feb, 27, 2019 Like many countries, China attempted to rein in its debt growth over the past couple years, but ultimately gave up and is now back to piling on even more debt. Bloomberg reports – 多くの国と同様に、中国もここ2年ほど債務増加を抑えようとしてきた、しかし結局の所諦めてしまい、今や更に債務を積み上げている。ブルームバーグ記事ーー For almost two years,...
Powell Keeps The Bond Bull Kicking Written by Lance Roberts | Mar, 21, 2019 In a widely expected outcome, the Federal Reserve announced no change to the Fed funds rate but did leave open the possibility of a rate hike next year. Also, they committed to stopping “Quantitative Tightening (or Q.T.)” by the end of September. 多くの人が予想したとおり、FEDはFFR変更をしないだけでなく来年も不明とした。さらには、QTを9月末に終えると約束した。 The key language from yesterday’s announcement was: 昨日の発表の重要な部分はこういう具合だ: “ Information received since the Federal Open Market Committee met in January indicates that the labor market remains strong but that growth of economic activity has slowed from its solid rate in the fourth quarter . Payroll employment was little changed in February, but job gains have been solid, on average, in recent months, and the unemployment rate has remained low. 「1月のFOMC以来の情報を分析すると、労働市場は強いがQ4に比べると経済成長は鈍化している。2月の雇用環境にほとんど変化がなかった、ここ数ヶ月確実に雇用は増えている、そして失業率は低いままだ。 Recent indicators point to s...