Since the post-financial
crisis era began more than a decade ago, record low-interest rates and the
Fed’s acquisition of $4 trillion of the highest quality fixed-income assets has
led investors to scratch and claw for any asset, regardless of quality,
offering returns above the rate of inflation.
Financial media
articles and Wall Street research discussing this dynamic are a dime-a-dozen.
What we have not heard a peep about, however, are the inherent risks within the
corporate bond market that have blossomed due to the way many corporate debt
investors are managed and their somewhat unique strategies, objectives, and legal
guidelines.
This article
offers insight and another justification for moving up in credit within the
corporate bond market. For our prior recommendation to sell junk debt based on
yields, spreads, and the economic cycle, we suggest reading our subscriber-only
article Time To Recycle Your Junk. If
you would like access to that article and many others, you can sign up for RIA Pro and
enjoy all the site has to offer with a 30-day free trial period.
By and large,
equity investors do not have guidelines regulating whether or not they can buy companies
based on the strength or weakness of their balance sheets and income statements.
Corporate bond investors, on the other hand, are typically handcuffed with legal
and/or self-imposed limits based on credit quality. For instance, most bond
funds and ETFs are classified and regulated accordingly by the SEC as
investment grade (rated BBB- or higher) or as high yield (rated BB+ or lower). Most
other institutions, including endowments and pension funds, are limited by
bylaws and other self-imposed mandates. The large majority of corporate bond
investors solely traffic in investment grade, however, there is a contingency
of high-yield investors such as certain mutual funds, ETFs (HYG/JNK), and other
specialty funds.
Often
overlooked, the bifurcation of investor limits and objectives makes an analysis
of the corporate bond market different than that of the equity markets. The
differences can be especially interesting if a large number of securities
traverse the well-defined BBB-/BB+ “Maginot” line, a metaphor for expensive
efforts offering a false line of security.
The U.S. corporate
bond market is approximately $6.4 trillion in size. Of that, over 80% is currently
rated investment grade and 20% is junk-rated.This number does not include bank loans, derivatives, or other
forms of debt on corporate balance sheets.
Since 2000,
the corporate bond market has changed drastically in size and, importantly, in credit
composition. Over this period, the corporate bond market has grown by 378%,
greatly outstripping the 111% growth of GDP.
The bar chart below shows how the credit composition of the corporate
bond market shifted markedly with the surge in debt outstanding.
As circled,
the amount of corporate bonds currently rated BBB represents over 40% of corporate
bonds outstanding, doubling its share since 2000. Every other rating category constitutes
less of a share than it did in 2000. Over that time period, the size of the BBB
rated sector has grown from $294 billion to $2.61 trillion or 787%.
To recap, there
is a large proportion of investment grade investors piled into securities that are
rated BBB and one small step away from being downgraded to junk status. Making
this situation daunting, many investment grade investors are not allowed to
hold junk-rated securities. If only 25% of the BBB-rated bonds were downgraded
to junk, the size of the junk sector would increase by $650 billion or by over
50%. Here are some questions to ponder in the event downgrades on a
considerable scale occur to BBB-rated corporate bonds:
If
a recession causes BBB to BB downgrades, as is typical, will junk investors
retain their current holdings, let alone buy the new debt that has entered
their investment arena?
Will
retail investors that are holding the popular junk ETFs (HYG and JNK) and not
expecting large losses from a fixed income investment, continue to hold these
ETFs?
Will
forced selling from ETF’s, funds, and other investment grade holders result in
a market that essentially temporarily shuts down similar to the sub-prime
market in 2008?
We pose
those questions to help you appreciate the potential for a liquidity issue,
even a bond market crisis, if enough BBB paper is downgraded. If such an event were
to occur, we have no doubt someone would eventually buy the newly rated junk
paper. What concerns us is, at what
price will buyers step up? 私どもはこういう疑念を示し皆さんに潜在的な流動性の問題として捉えてほしい、BBB債権の多くが格下げとなると債券市場でも流動性問題が顕在化する。こういう状況になっても、疑いなくやがて誰かが新規格下げ債権を買うことだろう。ただし、我々の懸念は、どの価格で買い手が現れるかということだ。
Implied Risk 積み上がるリスク
Given that downgrades are a real and present danger and there is real
potential for a massive imbalance between the number of buyers and
sellers of junk debt, we need to consider how close we may be to such an
event. To provide perspective, we present a graph courtesy of Jeff
Gundlach of DoubleLine.
The graph shows
the implied ratings of all BBB companies based solely on the amount of leverage
employed on their respective balance sheets. Bear in mind, the rating agencies
use several metrics and not just leverage. The graph shows that 50% of BBB companies,
based solely on leverage, are at levels typically associated with lower rated
companies.
If 50% of
BBB-rated bonds were to get downgraded, it would entail a shift of $1.30
trillion bonds to junk status. To put
that into perspective, the entire junk market today is less than $1.25 trillion,
and the subprime mortgage market that caused so many problems in 2008 peaked at
$1.30 trillion. Keep in mind, the subprime mortgage crisis and the ensuing
financial crisis was sparked by investor concerns about defaults and resulting
losses.
As mentioned,
if only a quarter or even less of this amount were downgraded we would still
harbor grave concerns for corporate bond prices, as the supply could not easily
be absorbed by traditional buyers of junk.
Investors
should stay ahead of what might be a large event in the corporate bond market.
We recommend corporate bond investors focus on A-rated or solid BBB’s that are less
likely to be downgraded. If investment grade investors are forced to sell, they
will need to find replacement bonds which should help the performance of better
rated corporate paper. What makes this recommendation particularly easy is the
fact that the current yield spread between BBB and A-rated bonds are so tight. The
opportunity cost of being wrong is minimal. At the same time, the benefits of
avoiding major losses are large.
With the current
spread between BBB and A-rated corporate bonds near the tightest level since
the Financial Crisis, the yield “give up” for moving up in credit to A or
AA-rated bonds is a low price to pay given the risks. Simply, the market is begging
you not to be a BBB hero.
Data Courtesy St. Louis Federal
Reserve Summary 要約
The most
important yet often overlooked aspect of investing is properly recognizing and
quantifying the risk and reward of an investment. At times such as today, the
imbalance between risk and reward is daunting, and the risks and/or
opportunities beg for action to be taken.
We believe
investors are being presented with a window to sidestep risk while giving up
little to do so. If a great number of BBB-rated corporate bonds are downgraded,
it is highly likely the prices of junk debt will plummet as supply will
initially dwarf demand. It is in these
types of events, as we saw in the sub-prime mortgage market ten years ago, that
investors who wisely step aside can both protect themselves against losses and
set themselves up to invest in generational value opportunities. 私どもはこう信じている、投資家にとってリスクを回避する余地は十分にある、一方でそれを諦めることはない。もしBBB格付け債権の多くが格下げとなると、ジャンクボンドの価格は急落するだろう、当初供給が需要を圧倒するからだ。こういう出来事を、我々は10年前にサブプライム住宅再建で目の当たりにした、懸命にも回避した投資家は自らの資産を損失から守るだけでなく人生で一度の投資機会を得ることもできる。
While the
topic for another article, a large reason for the increase in corporate debt is
companies’ willingness to increase leverage to buy back stock and pay larger
dividends. Investors desperate for “safer but higher yielding” assets are more
than willing to fund them. Just as the French were guilty of a false confidence
in their Maginot Line to prevent a German invasion, current investors gain
little at great expense by owning BBB-rated corporate bonds.
The
punchline that will be sprung upon these investors is that the increase of debt,
in many cases, was not widely used for productive measures which could have
strengthened future earnings making the debt easier to pay off. Instead, the
debt has weakened a great number of companies.
Michael Lebowitz, CFA is an Investment Analyst and Portfolio Manager for Clarity Financial, LLC. specializing in macroeconomic research, valuations, asset allocation, and risk management. RIA Contributing Editor and Research Director. CFA is an Investment Analyst and Portfolio Manager; Co-founder of 720 Global Research. Follow Michael on Twitter or go to 720global.com for more research and analysis.
多量のオピオイドを米国に送り込み、米国で深刻な麻薬中毒問題を引き起こしています。現代版「阿片戦争」です。あのトヨタ初の女性取締役もオピオイド中毒で逮捕解任されましたよね。 US Is Dependent On China For Almost 80% Of Its Medicine by Tyler Durden Fri, 05/31/2019 - 12:55 Experts are warning that the U.S. has become way too reliant on China for all our medicine , our pain killers, antibiotics, vitamins, aspirin and many cancer treatment medicine. 専門家はこう警告する、米国はすべての医薬品、痛み止め、抗生物質、ビタミン、アスピリン、各種抗がん剤で、中国依存度が高すぎる。 Fox Business reports that according to FDA estimates at least 80 percent of active ingredients found in all of America’s medicine come from abroad, primarily from China . And it’s not just the ingredients, China wants to become the world’s dominant generic drug maker. So far Chinese companies are making generic for everything from high blood pressure to chemotherapy drugs. 90 percent of America’s prescriptions a...
Amazonで買物をしてContrarianJを応援しよう Silver Outperforming Gold 2 Adam Hamilton July 26, 2019 3232 Words Silver has blasted higher in the last couple weeks, far outperforming gold. This is certainly noteworthy, as silver has stunk up the precious-metals joint for years. This deeply-out-of-favor metal may be embarking on a sea-change sentiment shift, finally returning to amplifying gold’s upside. Silver is not only radically undervalued relative to gold, but investors are aggressively buying. Silver’s upside potential is massive. ここ2週シルバーは急騰した、ゴールドを遥かに凌ぐものだ。これは注目すべきことだ、もう何年もシルバーはひどいものだった。この極端に嫌われた金属が大きく心理を買えている、とうとうゴールド上昇を増幅するに至った。シルバーは対ゴールドで極端に過小評価されているだけでなく、投資家は積極的に買い進んでいる。シルバーの潜在上昇力は巨大なものだ。 Silver’s performance in recent years has been brutally bad, repelling all but the most fanatical contrarians. Historically silver prices have been mostly ...
米国はよく理解してませんが、日本の場合では量的緩和で日銀が国債買い上げした資金は日銀当座預金にそのままです、市中には流れていません。でもNHKのニュース等では「ジャブジャブ」という表現をアナウンサーが使い、さらに丁寧に水道の蛇口からお金が吐き出される画像まで示してくれます。これって心理効果が大きいですよね。量的緩和とは何かを7時のニュースや新聞でこれ以上丁寧に解説するのはそう簡単ではありません。一般の人も株式をやっている人も「イメージ」で捉える以上はそう簡単にできません。多くの人は量的緩和とはなにか、を理解していないと私は想像しています。 ただし、国債を買い上げるので長期金利が低下し住宅ローン金利等が下がったのは確実な効果です。一方で長短金利差が少なくなると銀行のビジネスモデルが成り立たなくなりますが。 This Is The One Chart Every Trader Should Have "Taped To Their Screen" by Tyler Durden Sat, 01/19/2019 - 18:55 After a year of tapering, the Fed’s balance sheet finally captured the market’s attention during the last three months of 2018. 一年間のテーパリング後、FEDバランスシートがとうとう市場の注目をあびることになった、2018年の最後の3ヶ月だ。 By the start of the fourth quarter, the Fed had finished raising the caps on monthly roll-off of its balance sheet to the full $50bn per month (peaking at $30bn USTs, $20bn MBS...
100年に一度と言われる出来事が過去20年で二回も起き、今度が三度目になるかどうか? Ignore The Yield Curve, They Said… 03-30-19 Written by Lance Roberts | Mar, 30, 2019 A Run For The Highs 高値に向かう Friday wrapped up the first quarter of 2019, and it was the best quarterly performance since 2009. As shown in the chart below, if you bought the bottom, you are “ killing it.” 2019Q1も金曜に終わり、2009年以来最良の四半期だった。下のチャートに示すが、もしみなさんが底値でかっていたなら、「息を呑まんばかりだ」ったろう。 However, you didn’t. しかしながら、そうはしなかったでしょう。 Despite all of the media “hoopla” about the rally, the reality is that for most, they are simply getting back to even over the last year. どのメディアもこのラリーで「大騒ぎ」だが、現実を思い起こすと、これは単に昨年のレベルに戻っただけのことだ。 That is, assuming you didn’t “sell the bottom” in December, which by looking at allocation changes, certainly appears to be the case for many. ということで、みなさんは12月の「底値で売る」ようなことをしなかったろう、それは多くの人も同じことだ。 If we deconstruct the ratio we can see the rotation a bit better この比率を分析すると資金移動をもう少しよく理解できる Not surpr...